Logic Is A Poor Model Of Cause

Multiple Descriptions Are Better Than One.

Evolution Has Long Been Badly Taught. In Particular, Students - And Even Professional Biologists - Acquire Theories Of Evolution Without Any Deep Understanding Of What Problem These Theories Attempt To Solve. They Learn But Little Of The Evolution Of Evolutionary Theory.

Information Consists Of Differences That Make A Difference.

Our Initial Sensory Data Are Always "first Derivatives," Statements About Differences Which Exist Among External Objects Or Statements About Changes Which Occur Either In Them Or In Our Relationship To Them. Objects And Circumstances Which Remain Absolutely Constant Relative To The Observer, Unchanged Either By His Own Movement Or By External Events, Are In General Difficult And Perhaps Always Impossible To Perceive. What We Perceive Easily Is Difference And Change And Difference Is A Relationship.

It Is, I Claim, Nonsense To Say That It Does Not Matter Which Individual Man Acted As The Nucleus For The Change. It Is Precisely This That Makes History Unpredictable Into The Future.