Some Of Necessities Go Astray, Because For

Congress Requires States To Draw Single-member Districts.

Further-more, Partisan Attachments Powerfully Shape Political Perceptions, Beliefs And Values, And Incumbents Enjoy Advantages Well Beyond The Way In Which Their Districts Are Configured.

But Presidential Approval Also Became A Surrogate Measure Of National Unity And Patriotism.

Redistricting Is A Deeply Political Process, With Incumbents Actively Seeking To Minimize The Risk To Themselves (via Bipartisan Gerrymanders) Or To Gain Additional Seats For Their Party (via Partisan Gerrymanders).

Votes In Federal Elections Are Cast And Counted In A Highly Decentralized And Variable Fashion, With No Uniform Ballots And Few National Standards.