It Is No More Informative To Speak

People's Conceptions About Themselves And The Nature Of Things Are Developed And Verified Through Four Different Processes: Direct Experience Of The Effects Produced By Their Actions, Vicarious Experience Of The Effects Produced By Somebody Else's Actions, Judgments Voiced By Others, And Derivation Of Further Knowledge From What They Already Know By Using Rules Of Inference

Perceived Self-efficacy Also Shapes Causal Thinking. In Seeking Solutions To Difficult Problems, Those Who Perceived Themselves As Highly Efficacious Are Inclined To Attribute Their Failures To Insufficient Effort, Whereas Those Of Comparable Skills But Lower Perceived Self-efficacy Ascribe Their Failures To Deficient Ability

People Who Believe They Have The Power To Exercise Some Measure Of Control Over Their Lives Are Healthier, More Effective And More Successful Than Those Who Lack Faith In Their Ability To Effect Changes In Their Lives.

People Who Hold A Low View Of Themselves [will Credit] Their Achievements To External Factors, Rather Than To Their Own Capabilities.

Among The Types Of Thoughts That Affect Action, None Is More Central Or Pervasive Than People's Judgments Of Their Capabilities To Deal Effectively With Different Realities