In The Latter Case It Is Often

Much Of Human History Has Consisted Of Unequal Conflicts Between The Haves And The Have-nots.

Besides Justifying The Transfer Of Wealth To Kleptocrats, Institutionalized Religion Brings Two Other Important Benefits To Centralized Societies. First, Shared Ideology Or Religion Helps Solve The Problem Of How Unrelated Individuals Are To Live Together Without Killing Each Other—by Providing Them With A Bond Not Based On Kinship. Second, It Gives People A Motive, Other Than Genetic Self-interest, For Sacrificing Their Lives On Behalf Of Others.

I Personally Am Not Conscious Of My Accent.

For Anyone Inclined To Caricature Environmental History As 'environmental Determinism,' The Contrasting Histories Of The Dominican Republic And Haiti Provide A Useful Antidote. Yes, Environmental Problems Do Constrain Human Societies, But The Societies' Responses Also Make A Difference.

In Short, Europe’s Colonization Of Africa Had Nothing To Do With Differences Between European And African Peoples Themselves, As White Racists Assume. Rather, It Was Due To Accidents Of Geography And Biogeography—in Particular, To The Continents’ Different Areas, Axes, And Suites Of Wild Plant And Animal Species. That Is, The Different Historical Trajectories Of Africa And Europe Stem Ultimately From Differences In Real Estate.