In Science Novelty Emerges Only With Difficulty,

The Resolution Of Revolutions Is Selection By Conflict Within The Scientific Community Of The Fittest Way To Practice Future Science. The Net Result Of A Sequence Of Such Revolutionary Selections, Separated By Periods Of Normal Research, Is The Wonderfully Adapted Set Of Instruments We Call Modern Scientific Knowledge.

We See The World In Terms Of Our Theories.

The Decision To Reject One Paradigm Is Always Simultaneously The Decision To Accept Another, And The Judgment Leading To That Decision Involves The Comparison Of Both Paradigms With Nature And With Each Other.

Normal Science, The Activity In Which Most Scientists Inevitably Spend Most All Their Time, Is Predicated On The Assumption That The Scientific Community Knows What The World Is Like. Normal Science Often Suppresses Fundamental Novelties Because They Are Necessarily Subversive Of Its Basic Commitments.

As In Political Revolutions, So In Paradigm Choice--there Is No Standard Higher Than The Assent Of The Relevant Community. To Discover How Scientific Revolutions Are Effected, We Shall Therefore Have To Examine Not Only The Impact Of Nature And Of Logic, But Also The Techniques Of Persuasive Argumentation Effective Within The Quite Special Groups That Constitute The Community Of Scientists.